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The Brown Dog affair was a political controversy about vivisection that raged in England from 1903 until 1910. It involved the infiltration of University of London medical lectures by Swedish feminists, pitched battles between medical students and the police, police protection for the statue of a dog, a libel trial at the Royal Courts of Justice, and the establishment of a Royal Commission to investigate the use of animals in experiments. The affair became a ''cause célèbre'' that divided the country.〔J. H. Baron, ("The Brown Dog of University College" ), ''The British Medical Journal'', 2(4991), 1 September 1956, pp. 547–548.〕 The controversy was triggered by allegations that, in February 1903, William Bayliss of the Department of Physiology at University College London performed an illegal dissection, before an audience of 60 medical students, on a brown terrier dog – adequately anaesthetized, according to Bayliss and his team; conscious and struggling, according to the Swedish activists. The procedure was condemned as cruel and unlawful by the National Anti-Vivisection Society. Bayliss, whose research on dogs led to the discovery of hormones, was outraged by the assault on his reputation. He sued for libel and won.〔Coral Lansbury, ''The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers, and Vivisection in Edwardian England'', University of Wisconsin Press, 1985, pp. 10–12, 126–127.〕 Anti-vivisectionists commissioned a bronze statue of the dog as a memorial, unveiled in Battersea in 1906, but medical students were angered by its provocative plaque – "Men and women of England, how long shall these Things be?" – leading to frequent vandalism of the memorial and the need for a 24-hour police guard against the so-called anti-doggers.〔Edward K. Ford, ''The Brown Dog and his Memorial'', Euston Grove Press, 2013 (), pp. 6, 9ff; Lansbury 1985, p. 14.〕 On 10 December 1907 1,000 medical students marched through central London waving effigies of the brown dog on sticks, clashing with suffragettes, trade unionists and 400 police officers, one of a series of battles known as the Brown Dog riots.〔Peter Mason, ''The Brown Dog Affair'', Two Sevens Publishing, 1997, pp. 51–56.
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